Integrated circuit comprising circuitry to change a clock signal frequency while a data signal is valid

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatuses for communicating information are described. In some embodiments, a first integrated circuit (IC) provides a clock signal and a data signal to a second IC, wherein the data bits of the data signal are timed according to the clock signal, and wherein the frequency of the clock signal is capable of being changed even when the data signal is valid.

RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application is a continuation of, and claims priority to,U.S. application Ser. No. 15/823,226, having the same title andinventors, filed on 27 Nov. 2017 (Attorney Docket No. R-RA1185.D1C1.US),the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in theirentirety for all purposes. U.S. application Ser. No. 15/823,226, is acontinuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. application Ser. No.15/015,917, having the same title and inventors, filed on 4 Feb. 2016(Attorney Docket No. R-RA1185.D1.US; U.S. Pat. No. 9,893,720, issued 13Feb. 2018), the contents of which are herein incorporated by referencein their entirety for all purposes. U.S. application Ser. No.15/015,917, is a divisional of, and claims priority to, U.S. applicationSer. No. 14/050,107, having the same title and inventors, filed on 9Oct. 2013 (Attorney Docket No. R-RA1185.P.US; U.S. Pat. No. 9,299,408,issued 29 Mar. 2016), the contents of which are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety for all purposes. U.S. application Ser. No.14/050,107 claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/715,767, having the same title and inventors, filedon 18 Oct. 2012 (Attorney Docket No. R-RA1185.PROV1.US), the contents ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for allpurposes.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure generally relates to electronic circuits. The powerconsumption and the performance of an electronic circuit generallydepend on the clock frequency at which the electronic circuit isoperated. Specifically, decreasing the clock frequency decreases powerconsumption and performance. Conversely, increasing the clock frequencyincreases power consumption and performance. In complementary metaloxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits the relationship between dynamicpower consumption, capacitance, voltage, and switching frequency can beexpressed as P=C·V²·f, where P is the dynamic power consumption, C isthe capacitance, V is the voltage, and f is the switching frequency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A illustrates a circuit in accordance with some embodimentsdescribed herein.

FIG. 1B illustrates an implementation of memory controller circuitry inaccordance with some embodiments described herein.

FIG. 1C illustrates an example of how a set of signal lines can be usedto communicate information between memory controller circuitry and amemory device in accordance with some embodiments described herein.

FIG. 1D illustrates some waveforms associated with the circuitry shownin FIG. 1B in accordance with some embodiments described herein.

FIG. 2A illustrates an implementation of an oscillator in accordancewith some embodiments described herein.

FIG. 2B illustrates an implementation of a delay element in accordancewith some embodiments described herein.

FIG. 3A illustrates a waveform that corresponds to a sampling receiverin accordance with some embodiments described herein.

FIGS. 3B-3C illustrate plots of the bit-error rate for a low and a highclock frequency, respectively, versus the delay from the data bit edgein accordance with some embodiments described herein.

FIG. 3D illustrates a plot of the maximum bit-error rate over a range ofclock frequencies versus the delay from the data bit edge in accordancewith some embodiments described herein.

FIG. 3E illustrates a waveform that corresponds to an integratingreceiver in accordance with some embodiments described herein.

FIG. 3F illustrates the bit-error rate for a sampling receiver over awide range of frequencies in accordance with some embodiments describedherein.

FIG. 3G illustrates the bit-error rate around the center of theintegration window over a wide range of frequencies in accordance withsome embodiments described herein.

FIG. 4 illustrates a process for communicating information in accordancewith some embodiments described herein.

FIG. 5 illustrates an implementation of memory controller circuitry inaccordance with some embodiments described herein.

FIGS. 6A-6C present flowcharts that illustrate processes that can beconcurrently and independently performed by the memory controllercircuitry in accordance with some embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some embodiments described herein feature a system comprising a firstdevice and a second device, wherein the first device provides a clocksignal and a data signal to the second device, wherein the data bits ofthe data signal are timed according to the clock signal, and wherein thefrequency of the clock signal and the rate of data transmission iscapable of being changed even when the data signal is valid.

Some embodiments described herein feature a memory system in which powerconsumption may be reduced by changing the clock frequency that is usedfor communicating information between memory controller circuitry and amemory device. In these embodiments, the memory controller circuitryprovides a clock signal and a data signal to the memory device, whereinthe bits of the data signal are timed according to the clock signal, andwherein the data signal encodes command information, addressinformation, and/or data. When performing a read operation the memorydevice returns the clock signal that was received from the memorycontroller circuitry back to the memory controller circuitry (after theclock signal passes through one or more clock buffers in the memorydevice), and provides a data signal to the memory controller circuitry,wherein the bits of the data signal are timed according to the returningclock signal, and wherein the data signal encodes data that wasrequested by the memory controller circuitry and/or status informationthat indicates whether or not the memory command was performedsuccessfully. In some embodiments described herein, the memorycontroller circuitry is capable of changing the clock frequency whilethe data signal is valid.

The term “data” refers to digital information, e.g., information that istypically represented by a set of bits. Examples of data include, butare not limited to, command information, address information, and thecontents of a memory location. The term “data signal” refers to atime-varying voltage or current signal that is used for communicatingdata. A data word can be communicated by using multiple parallel datasignals, wherein each data signal corresponds to one or more bits in thedata word. Data is typically communicated in bursts. For example, memorycontroller circuitry may communicate two chunks of data to a memorydevice as follows: during a first continuous time period the memorycontroller circuitry communicates a first chunk of the data to thememory device, followed by a second continuous time period during whichthe memory controller circuitry does not communicate any data to thememory device, followed by a third continuous time period during whichthe memory controller circuitry communicates a second chunk of data tothe memory device. A data signal is considered to be valid during acontinuous time period during which the data signal encodes data (e.g.,the first and third continuous time periods in the above example). Thedata signal is considered to be invalid during a continuous time periodduring which the data signal does not encode any data (e.g., the secondcontinuous time period in the above example).

The data bits encoded in a data signal are timed according to a clocksignal. Specifically, the source (e.g., memory controller circuitry)converts a sequence of data bits into a data signal in accordance with aclock signal (e.g., the transitions in the data signal are timed usingthe clock signal), and the destination (e.g., a memory device) convertsthe received data signal into the sequence of data bits in accordancewith the clock signal (e.g., the data signal is sampled using the clocksignal).

A data signal is communicated over a signal line. According to onedefinition, a signal line is an electrical connection (e.g., one or morewires) over which data can be communicated. Signal lines can besingle-ended or differential, unidirectional or bidirectional, and canbe used to communicate one or more clock signals, and/or one or moredata signals that encode data. Different types of information (e.g.,command information, address information, information that was read fromor that is to be written to a memory device, etc.) can be communicatedover different sets of signal lines (i.e., each set of signal linescarrying a specific type of information) or over the same set of signallines.

FIG. 1A illustrates a circuit in accordance with some embodimentsdescribed herein. Circuit 100 includes memory controller circuitry 102and memory device 104. Memory controller circuitry 102 communicates withmemory device 104 over signal lines 110. An agent (e.g., a centralprocessing unit) can access memory device 104 through memory controllercircuitry 102. In some embodiments the agent and memory controllercircuitry 102 reside on different devices, and in other embodiments theagent and the memory controller circuitry 102 reside on the same device(e.g., in a system-on-a-chip).

Memory device 104 is any integrated circuit (IC) whose primary functionis the storage and retrieval of data. Examples of memory devicesinclude, but are not limited to, a volatile memory IC (e.g., a dynamicrandom-access memory (DRAM) IC, a synchronous double data rate (DDR)DRAM IC, etc.), and a non-volatile memory IC (e.g., a flash memory IC).

Memory controller circuitry 102 is included on an integrated circuit dieand can be any circuitry that is capable of controlling the operation ofa memory device. An agent can be any circuitry that reads data fromand/or writes data to memory device 104 through memory controllercircuitry 102. Examples of agents include, but are not limited to, acentral processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), anetwork processor, a cryptographic accelerator, a peripheral controller,a display controller, a video codec, an audio codec, a direct memoryaccess (DMA) controller, a digital signal processing (DSP) cores,hardware accelerators, or generally any circuitry that is designed toperform digital, analog, and/or mixed-signal functions.

In some embodiments described herein, an agent provides a memory commandto memory controller circuitry 102. Memory controller circuitry 102 thenprovides a clock signal and a data signal to memory device 104 oversignal lines 110, wherein the data signal is timed according to theclock signal. In some embodiments described herein, memory controllercircuitry 102 is capable of changing the frequency of the clock signaland making a corresponding change in the data rate while the data signalis valid, and memory device 104 is capable of interpreting the datasignal correctly even when the clock signal frequency and data rate ischanged while the data signal is valid.

The data signals sent by memory controller circuitry 102 can encode oneor more memory commands, address information, and/or data (e.g., for awrite command). In one embodiment, during a read command memory device104 sends a clock signal (which can be a delayed version of the clocksignal that was received from memory controller circuitry 102) to memorycontroller circuitry 102 over signal lines 110. Memory device 104 alsoprovides data signals to memory controller circuitry 102 over signallines 110, wherein the data signals are timed according to the clocksignal that is sent from memory device 104 to memory controller 102. Ifthe memory command is a read command, the data signals can encode atleast a part of the data that was requested by the read command. Memorycontroller circuitry 102 then provides the data received from memorydevice 104 and/or a status of the memory command to the agent. In someembodiments, memory controller 102 is capable of operating signal lines110 at a higher or lower data rate than the data rate at which thememory controller circuitry 102 communicates with the agent. In suchembodiments, memory controller circuitry 102, memory device 104, and/orthe agent can accommodate different data rates by means of on-chipbuffers to compensate for bursts of data at different data rates.

FIG. 1B illustrates an implementation of memory controller circuitry 102in accordance with some embodiments described herein.

Command buffer 136 stores memory commands 138 received from an agent.Memory commands 138 can be performed by memory controller circuitry 102in a different order than the order in which they were received.Oscillator 134 outputs a clock signal having a clock signal frequency.This clock signal is then provided to clock output circuitry 124, whichthen outputs clock signal 128 onto one or more signal lines. The outputfrom oscillator 134 is also provided to data output circuitry 126 whichoutputs data signal 130 onto a signal line (e.g., a single wire if thedata signal is single-ended, or a pair of wires if the data signal isdifferential). Typically, multiple parallel data signals are outputtedby data output circuitry 126 onto multiple signal lines.

Circuitry 122 can determine a target clock signal frequency based on anumber of factors. Once a target clock signal frequency has beendetermined, circuitry 122 provides clock frequency setting(s) 132 thatcorrespond to the target clock signal frequency to oscillator 134. Next,oscillator 134 changes its clock signal frequency to the target clocksignal frequency. While oscillator 134 is changing the clock signalfrequency, clock output circuitry 124 and data output circuitry 126continue to operate as usual, i.e., clock output circuitry 124 continuesto output clock signal 128 whose frequency changes as oscillator 134changes its clock signal frequency, and data output circuitry 126continues to output data signal 130 whose bits are timed according toclock signal 128 even when the clock frequency is changing.

In this manner, some embodiments described herein allow memorycontroller circuitry 102 to gaplessly (i.e., without interruption)adjust the frequency of a clock signal that is used to encode data bitsinto a data signal while the data signal is valid. This enables theseembodiments to operate efficiently across different signal lineutilizations because these embodiments do not incur additional latencyand power while changing the clock frequency. In some embodimentsdescribed herein, the clock signal frequency can be changed gaplesslybetween any two frequencies in the range 0.5-3.2 GHz with a 0.035 GHzresolution.

FIG. 1C illustrates an example of how signal lines 110 can be used tocommunicate information between memory controller circuitry 102 andmemory device 104 in accordance with some embodiments described herein.

Signal lines 110 can include clock signal line 162 and data signal line164 that memory controller circuitry 102 uses to provide a clock signaland a data signal (which can encode a memory command or data),respectively, to memory device 104. Signal lines 110 also include clocksignal line 172 and data signal line 174 that memory device 104 uses toprovide a clock signal and a data signal, respectively, to memorycontroller circuitry 102. The clock signal outputted by memory device104 on clock signal line 172 is a delayed version of the clock signalreceived by memory device 104 on clock signal line 162 (this is shownusing a dashed line that is routed through memory device 104). In someembodiments, each signal line in FIG. 1C represents a pair of electricalconnections that carry a differential signal.

FIG. 1D illustrates some waveforms associated with the circuitry shownin FIG. 1B in accordance with some embodiments described herein.

Waveform 152 corresponds to clock signal 128 and waveform 154corresponds to data (which can encode a memory command or data) signal130. As shown in FIG. 1D, the frequency of clock signal 128 decreasesfrom f₁ to f₂ at time T4. However, data signal 130 is not interruptedduring this frequency change. Instead, as shown in waveform 154, datasignal 130 continues to output bits that are timed according to thechanging clock frequency of clock signal 128. Specifically, bit b1 isoutputted at a data rate corresponding to f₁/2 and the very next bit,b2, is outputted gaplessly at a data rate corresponding to f₂/2.

Since the output from oscillator 134 is provided to clock outputcircuitry 124 and data output circuitry 126, every data bit in datasignal 130 corresponds to a particular clock edge in clock signal 128.Some embodiments described herein maintain this correspondence betweenthe data bits of data signal 130 and the clock edges of clock signal 128until the data bit is interpreted by a receiver. Because thiscorrespondence is maintained, a receiver in memory device 104 cancorrectly interpret data signal 130 even when consecutive bits in datasignal 130 are timed according to different clock frequencies.

In some embodiments described herein, clock signal 128 passes throughone or more buffers in memory device 104 before the clock signal is usedto interpret data signal 130. Data signal 130 also passes through one ormore buffers in memory device 104 before it is interpreted. Typically,the delay of the clock signal path in memory device 104 is greater thanthe delay of the data signal path. In some embodiments described herein,the delays in clock output circuitry 124 and data output circuitry 126in memory controller 102 are configured to cancel the difference in thedelays that the clock signal and the data signal are expected toexperience in memory device 104. In this manner, some embodimentsdescribed herein ensure that the correspondence between the clock edgesof clock signal 128 and the data bits of data signal 130 are maintaineduntil data signal 130 is interpreted using clock signal 128. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 1D, a delay “d” between clock signal 128 anddata signal 130 can be introduced in memory controller circuitry 102 toensure that a receiver in memory device 104 interprets a data bit indata signal 130 using the correct clock edge of clock signal 128.

FIG. 2A illustrates an implementation of oscillator 134 in accordancewith some embodiments described herein.

In some embodiments described herein, oscillator 134 is a ringoscillator that includes multiple delay elements 202-206 that arearranged in a loop. A delay element in the loop may or may not invertits input signal. However, to form an oscillating loop, an effectiveinversion of the signal is required. The fact that the loop inverts thesignal is illustrated in the figures of this disclosure by using arectangular box with a “−1” written inside the box. In some embodimentsdescribed herein, the rectangular box with a “−1” written inside the boxrepresents the fact that the loop has an odd number of single-endeddelay elements that invert the signal. In other embodiments, therectangular box with a “−1” written inside the box represents the factthat the differential outputs of an odd number of differential delayelements are provided, with reverse polarity, to the next differentialdelay element in the loop.

The frequency of oscillator output signal 140 depends on the loop delay,i.e., the aggregate delay of delay elements 202-206. In some embodimentsthe delay of elements 202-206 set one phase of the resulting clockoutput (½ of the clock period). Clock frequency setting 132 is providedto delay control circuitry 208. The output from delay control circuitry208 is provided to one or more delay elements in the loop to changetheir delays, thereby changing the frequency of oscillator output signal140. In some embodiments, clock frequency setting 132 can be a binaryvalue that corresponds to a target clock frequency, and delay controlcircuitry 208 may perform a table lookup to determine a correspondingcontrol signal to provide to one or more delay elements.

FIG. 2B illustrates an implementation of a delay element in accordancewith some embodiments described herein.

In the implementation shown in FIG. 2B, delay element 202 includesdifferential transistor pair M1 and M2 which receive a differentialinput signal at nodes S_(IN) and S _(IN), and produce a differentialoutput signal at nodes S_(OUT) and S _(OUT). The differential outputsignal from delay element 202 can then be provided as a differentialinput signal to delay element 204.

The sources of transistors M1 and M2 are coupled to current source CS,and V_(DD) is the supply voltage. The delay of a delay element (e.g.,delay element 202) primarily depends on the RC product (i.e., theproduct of the resistance and the capacitance) at the output nodes(e.g., output nodes s_(OUT) and S _(OUT)). In some embodiments describedherein, the output from delay control circuitry 208 is used to changethe RC product, thereby changing the delay of the delay element(s). Ingeneral, the output from delay control circuitry 208 can be used tochange the resistance, the capacitance, or both the resistance and thecapacitance at the output nodes. In the implementation shown in FIG. 2B,the output from delay control circuitry 208 is provided as a controlsignal to variable resistances R1 and R2. A higher resistance valuecorresponds to a higher delay (which corresponds to a lower frequency),and a lower resistance value corresponds to a lower delay (whichcorresponds to a higher frequency).

Some embodiments of the receiver circuitry are now described. In someembodiments, the receiver circuitry in memory device 104 samples datasignal 130 at a location in each data bit that is sufficiently far awayfrom the edges of the data bit (this ensures that the bit-error rate islow).

Some embodiments use a sampling receiver that samples the data signalafter a fixed delay with respect to the corresponding clock edge. FIG.3A illustrates a waveform that corresponds to a sampling receiver inaccordance with some embodiments described herein.

Of the seven data bits shown in FIG. 3A, the first four data bits ofdata signal 130 are timed according to a clock frequency f₁, and theremaining three data bits are timed according to a clock frequency f₂.The dashed vertical lines represent the time instances when the samplingreceiver samples the data bits. As shown in FIG. 3A, a sampling receiveralways samples a data bit at a fixed delay offset from the data bit edge(which in turn is at a fixed delay offset from the corresponding clockedge). The sampling location changes with respect to the edges of thedata bits when the clock signal frequency is changed. For example, asshown in FIG. 3A, the sampling location is substantially in the middleof the data bit for the first four data bits, but the sampling locationmoves toward the left edge of the data bit when the clock frequencychanges from f₁ to f₂.

In some embodiments described herein, a sampling receiver is configuredto sample the data signal with a fixed delay offset that guarantees alow bit-error rate over a wide range of clock frequencies. FIGS. 3B-3Cillustrate plots of the bit-error rate for a low and a high clockfrequency, respectively, versus the delay from the data bit edge inaccordance with some embodiments described herein. FIG. 3D illustrates aplot of the maximum bit-error rate over a wide range of clockfrequencies versus the delay from the data bit edge in accordance withsome embodiments described herein. For a given delay value, thebit-error rate can be different for different clock frequencies. Forexample, as shown in FIGS. 3B-3C, delay δ corresponds to a low bit-errorrate at a low clock frequency, but corresponds to a high bit-error rateat a high clock frequency.

As shown in FIG. 3D, there are certain delay value ranges that, withoutmodification, result in a low bit-error rate over a wide range of clockfrequencies. The bit-error rate plot shown in FIG. 3D can be thought ofas the “OR” of the individual bit-error rate plots (e.g., the plotsshown in FIGS. 3B-3C) for individual clock frequencies over the widerange of clock frequencies. Once these delay value ranges have beendetermined, the sampling receiver can be configured to sample the databits using a delay that falls within these delay value ranges, therebycausing the sampling receiver to have a low bit-error rate across thewide range of frequencies.

FIG. 3E illustrates a waveform that corresponds to an integratingreceiver in accordance with some embodiments described herein.

Of the seven data bits shown in FIG. 3E, the first four data bits ofdata signal 130 are timed according to clock frequency f₁, and theremaining three data bits are timed according to clock frequency f₂. Thedashed vertical lines represent the time instances when the integratingreceiver samples the data bits.

In some embodiments described herein, an integrating receiverautomatically adjusts the sampling location as the clock frequencychanges. For example, as shown in FIG. 3E, the center of the integrationwindow is substantially in the middle of the data bit for the first fourdata bits, and it remains substantially in the middle of the data biteven after the clock frequency changes from f₁ to f₂. Since theintegrating receiver is capable of adjusting the location of theintegration window when the clock frequency changes, an integratingreceiver has a low bit-error rate over all operating clock frequencieswith margin that is centered on both sides and increases at lowerfrequencies.

FIG. 3F illustrates the bit-error rate for a sampling receiver over awide range of frequencies in accordance with some embodiments describedherein. The sampling location is illustrated using a bold line. TheX-axis corresponds to the delay with respect to a clock edge. The Y-axiscorresponds to the clock frequency, wherein the clock frequencyincreases from top to bottom (i.e., in the direction of the Y-axisarrow). The regions with different bit-error rates are shaded usingdifferent patterns. As can be seen from the figure, at lower frequenciesthe margin increases only on one side (the right side in FIG. 3F) of thesampling location.

FIG. 3G illustrates the bit-error rate around the center of theintegration window over a wide range of frequencies in accordance withsome embodiments described herein. The center of the integration windowis illustrated using a bold line. The X-axis corresponds to the delaywith respect to the center of the integration window of an integratingreceiver. The Y-axis corresponds to the clock frequency, wherein theclock frequency increases from top to bottom (i.e., in the direction ofthe Y-axis arrow). The regions with different bit-error rates are shadedusing different patterns. As can be seen from the figure, at lowerfrequencies the margin increases on both sides symmetrically around thecenter of the integrating window.

Circuitry 122 can determine a target clock frequency using a number oftechniques. Some of these techniques are now described. In someembodiments, circuitry 122 changes the clock frequency depending on thetype of memory command that is being performed. For example, for readcommands, circuitry 122 changes (if necessary) the clock frequency to asufficiently high value so that the requested data is returned to theagent within a desired amount of time. For example, if the agent isrequesting data from memory 104 that corresponds to a video, then thevideo data needs to be provided within a certain amount of time toensure that the video is displayed smoothly without any interruptions.On the other hand, for write commands, circuitry 122 changes (ifnecessary) the clock frequency to the lowest value possible while stillmaintaining desired performance without overflowing buffers to minimizepower consumption of the memory system.

In some embodiments, circuitry 122 accesses command buffer 136 todetermine whether or not command buffer 136 contains any read commands.If command buffer 136 contains read commands, then circuitry 122 changesthe clock frequency to a sufficiently high value and processes the readcommands first. Once all read commands in command buffer 136 have beenprocessed, circuitry 122 decreases the clock frequency to a sufficientlylow value and processes other commands (e.g., write commands) that arewaiting in command buffer 136.

In some embodiments, circuitry 122 changes the clock frequency basedsolely or partially on a temperature value reported by a temperaturesensor. For example, if the temperature value is greater than a firstthreshold, then circuitry 122 can decrease the clock frequency. On theother hand, if the temperature is less than a second threshold, thencircuitry 122 can increase the clock frequency. In other embodiments theclock frequency is adjusted based solely or partially on a supplyvoltage (e.g., higher supply voltages may correspond to lowerfrequencies, and vice versa). In some embodiments both temperature andthe supply voltage are used to adjust frequency. In some embodiments acritical path matching circuit is used and frequency is reduced untilthe critical path circuit delay matches the reduced frequency.

In some embodiments, circuitry 122 changes the clock frequency based onthe current excess capacity of the command buffer (e.g., available spacein the command buffer) and the current rate at which memory controllercircuitry 102 is servicing commands. The circuitry 122 can adjust theclock frequency to prevent command buffer 136 from overflowing.

The above embodiments of circuitry 122 have been presented forillustration purposes only. Many variations and modifications will beapparent to those skilled in the art. For example, in some embodiments,the temperature reported by a temperature sensor can be used todetermine an upper bound of a frequency range in which circuitry 122 isallowed to change the clock frequency. As an example, suppose circuitry122 performs read operations at the maximum allowable clock frequency.When the temperature is less than a threshold, circuitry 122 may beallowed to increase the clock frequency to f_(max), but if thetemperature is greater than the threshold, then circuitry 122 may onlybe allowed to increase the clock frequency to f_(max)/2.

FIG. 4 illustrates a process for communicating information in accordancewith some embodiments described herein. The process begins bytransmitting a clock signal having a clock signal frequency (operation402). Next, a data signal is transmitted that is synchronous withrespect to the clock signal (operation 404). Then, the clock signalfrequency is modified from a first frequency value to a second frequencyvalue, wherein said modifying occurs while the data signal is beingtransmitted, and wherein synchronicity between the clock signal and thedata signal is maintained during said modifying (operation 406).

FIG. 5 illustrates an implementation of memory controller circuitry inaccordance with some embodiments described herein. Memory controllercircuitry 502 communicates with memory device 504 over a set of signallines. Memory controller circuitry 502 communicates information tomemory device 502 using data signals 518 that are clocked according toclock signal 520. Memory device 504 communicates information to memorycontroller circuitry 502 using data signals 522 that are clockedaccording to clock signal 524.

Memory commands 508 are received from one or more agents and are storedin memory buffer 506. Data and/or status information 526 is sent back toone or more agents upon completing execution of memory commands 508.Circuitry 510 determines an order in which to send memory commands 508to memory device 504. In some embodiments, circuitry 510 may send allmemory read commands in command buffer 506 to memory device 504 beforesending any memory write commands. Circuitry 510 provides memorycommands 508 in the appropriate order to circuitry 512, which then sendsthe memory command in the given order to memory device 504 using clocksignal 520.

Circuitry 510 determines the clock frequency to use for sending thememory commands to memory device 504. Specifically, circuitry 510controls the settings of oscillator 514 to generate clock signal 520that has the desired clock frequency. In some embodiments, circuitry 510determines the clock frequency based on one or more of the followingfactors: the number of read commands in command buffer 506, the numberof write commands in command buffer 506, and the available space incommand buffer 506. For example, the available space in the commandbuffer 506 is equal to five slots (the three empty slots shown at thetop and the bottom two slots that contain memory commands A and B whichhave been completed).

An example of how memory commands may be reordered is shown in FIG. 5.Memory commands were received in alphabetical order and are stored incommand buffer 506 in the order in which they were received. Circuitry510 then reordered commands F, G, and H as follows: G, H, and F. Next,circuitry 510 provided the reordered commands to circuitry 512 to sendthem to memory device 504. Memory device 504 returned the results ofexecuting commands C, E, and D (note that these commands were alsoreordered by circuitry 510), which are stored in buffer 516. Thereturned results can then be sent to the appropriate agent(s) as dataand/or status information 526.

FIGS. 6A-6C present flowcharts that illustrate processes that can beconcurrently and independently performed by the memory controllercircuitry in accordance with some embodiments described herein.Furthermore, the processes shown in FIGS. 6A-6C can each be performedcontinuously (e.g., in a loop). The process illustrated in FIG. 6Acomprises receiving a memory command (operation 602), and inserting thememory command into a memory command output queue (operation 604). Forexample, in FIG. 5, circuitry 510 can receive a memory command fromcommand buffer 506, and insert the memory command into a memory commandoutput queue in circuitry 512. The memory controller circuitry canreorder commands by inserting memory commands into the memory commandoutput queue using a queuing discipline that is different fromfirst-in-first-out. Specifically, in some embodiments, the memorycommand output queue can be a priority queue, and the memory controllercircuitry can assign read commands a higher priority value than writecommands. In this embodiment, read commands would be performed beforewrite commands.

The process illustrated in FIG. 6B begins by selecting the memorycommand at the front of the memory command output queue (operation 606).Note that operation 606 assumes that the memory command output queue isnot empty. If the memory command output queue is empty, then thisprocess is not performed. Next, the memory controller circuitry canperform the selected memory command using a clock signal (operation608).

The process illustrated in FIG. 6C begins by determining a frequencyvalue for the clock signal based on one or more factors, which include,but are not limited to: the type of command (e.g., read or write) thatis currently being performed or that is to be performed, the excesscapacity in the memory buffer, a temperature value, a supply voltagevalue, and a critical path circuit delay (operation 610). Next, thememory controller circuitry can change the frequency of the clock signalto the determined frequency value (operation 612).

The methods and/or processes that have been implicitly or explicitlydescribed in this disclosure can be embodied in hardware, software, or acombination thereof. Hardware embodiments include, but are not limitedto, IC chips, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), system-on-chips(SoCs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc.

Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles definedherein may be applied to other embodiments and applications withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, thescope of the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments shown,but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principlesand features disclosed herein.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A memory device, comprising: a clock input toreceive an input clock signal; a data input to receive an input datasignal; a receiver to interpret information encoded in the input datasignal based on the input clock signal; and wherein a clock frequency ofthe input clock signal is capable of being changed gaplessly within arange of clock frequencies as the receiver interprets informationencoded in the input data signal based on the input clock signal. 22.The memory device of claim 21, wherein the input clock signal comprisesa sequence of clock edges, wherein the input data signal comprises asequence of data bits, and wherein each data bit in the sequence of databits corresponds to a respective clock edge in the sequence of clockedges.
 23. The memory device of claim 22, wherein the receiverinterprets the information encoded in the input data signal based on theinput clock signal by sampling each data bit in the sequence of databits at a delay offset from the respective clock edge in the sequence ofclock edges.
 24. The memory device of claim 23, wherein the delay offsetis fixed.
 25. The memory device of claim 23, wherein the delay offset isconfigured so that the receiver has a low bit-error rate across therange of clock frequencies.
 26. The memory device of claim 23, whereinthe receiver is an integrating receiver.
 27. The memory device of claim26, wherein the integrating receiver automatically adjusts the delayoffset as the clock frequency changes gaplessly within the range ofclock frequencies.
 28. The memory device of claim 22, wherein a clockpath delay from the clock input to the receiver and a data path delayfrom the data input to the receiver maintain a correspondence betweeneach data bit in the sequence of data bits and the respective clock edgein the sequence of clock edges.
 29. A method, comprising: receiving aninput clock signal at a clock input; receiving an input data signal at adata input; interpreting information encoded in the input data signalbased on the input clock signal by using a receiver; and wherein a clockfrequency of the input clock signal changes gaplessly within a range ofclock frequencies as information encoded in the input data signal isinterpreted by the receiver based on the input clock signal.
 30. Themethod of claim 29, wherein the input clock signal comprises a sequenceof clock edges, wherein the input data signal comprises a sequence ofdata bits, and wherein each data bit in the sequence of data bitscorresponds to a respective clock edge in the sequence of clock edges.31. The method of claim 30, wherein said interpreting the informationencoded in the input data signal based on the input clock signalcomprises sampling each data bit in the sequence of data bits at a delayoffset from the respective clock edge in the sequence of clock edges.32. The method of claim 31, wherein the delay offset is fixed.
 33. Themethod of claim 31, wherein the delay offset is configured so that thereceiver has a low bit-error rate across the range of clock frequencies.34. The method of claim 31, wherein the delay offset is automaticallyadjusted as the clock frequency changes gaplessly within the range ofclock frequencies.
 35. An integrated circuit (IC), comprising: a clockinput to receive an input clock signal; a data input to receive an inputdata signal that is timed according to the input clock signal; areceiver to interpret information encoded in the input data signal basedon the input clock signal, wherein a clock frequency of the input clocksignal is capable of being changed gaplessly within a range of clockfrequencies as the receiver interprets information encoded in the inputdata signal based on the input clock signal; a clock output to transmitan output clock signal that is a delayed version of the input clocksignal; and a data output to transmit an output data signal that istimed according to the output clock signal.
 36. The IC of claim 35,wherein the input clock signal comprises a sequence of clock edges,wherein the input data signal comprises a sequence of data bits, andwherein each data bit in the sequence of data bits corresponds to arespective clock edge in the sequence of clock edges.
 37. The IC ofclaim 36, wherein the receiver interprets the information encoded in theinput data signal based on the input clock signal by sampling each databit in the sequence of data bits at a delay offset from the respectiveclock edge in the sequence of clock edges.
 38. The IC of claim 37,wherein the delay offset is configured so that the receiver has a lowbit-error rate across the range of clock frequencies.
 39. The IC ofclaim 37, wherein the delay offset is automatically adjusted as theclock frequency changes gaplessly within the range of clock frequencies.40. The IC of claim 36, wherein a clock path delay from the clock inputto the receiver and a data path delay from the data input to thereceiver maintain a correspondence between each data bit in the sequenceof data bits and the respective clock edge in the sequence of clockedges.